A guide to the method of joining fibers

Fusion Splicing

There are several reasons for splicing a fiber cable, these include: • To join two fibers due to a breakage. • To connect some of the cores straight through a patch cabinet. • To extend a cable run. • To reduce losses, a fusion splice has much lower losses than two  connectorized cables joined through a coupler. • Or to attach a pre-terminated pigtail. A Pigtail is a short length of fiber with a factory fitted and polished connector. In the past these were used  in preference to field terminations because of the complexities at the time of manually terminating optical  fibers. These days pigtails are mainly used where the environment isn't suitable for manual terminations  or where speed is a factor. As with all fiber termination methods, safety is very important so first some safety tips.  • Always work in a clean and tidy area. • Fiber offcuts are hard to see and can easily penetrate the skin especially if they get into your clothes, so care must be taken to ensure the safe disposal of all offcuts. Dispose of fiber scraps immediately using a suitable container and do not throw into a waste paper bin. • Because of the dangers of ingesting a fiber, do not eat or drink in the termination area. • Fusion splicers use an electric arc to fuse the fibers together so they should never be used in an environment where flammable gases or liquids are present. • Never look into the end of a live fiber connector. Holding some multimode fibers up to a piece of paper may prove the presence of light and therefore prove that it is live, but it doesn't prove that it isn't live! Some laser powered equipment use light which is outside of the visible spectrum, so err on the side of caution.

Overview

A fusion splice is a way of joining two fiber cores by  melting the ends together using an electric arc. A  splicing machine is used because an extremely high  degree of accuracy is needed, the machine first has  to align the cores and then apply the exact amount of  heat to melt the ends before pressing them together. Splicing can be carried out using a mechanical splice  but these only hold the fiber ends together, precisely  aligned but not permanently joined. There are four basic steps to fusion splicing 1. Strip back all coatings down to the bare fibers and clean using isopropyl alcohol. 2. Cleave the fibers using a precision cleaving tool and put the heat shrink tube on to one of the ends. 3. Fuse the fibers together in the fusion splicer. 4. Put the heat shrink protector on the fiber joint.

Fusion Splicing Method

Stripping

Strip back the external sheathing of the cable using a rotary stripping tool. Cut back the aramid strength  member using ceramic or kevlar scissors.  Strip the primary buffer from the fiber using fiber  strippers not ordinary wire strippers. Do this a small  section at a time to prevent the fiber breaking, about  10mm (3/8 in) on each cut is fine until you get used  to it. Strip back about 35mm (1.5 in). Clean the bare fiber with a lint free wipe and  isopropyl alcohol, it will "squeak" when it is clean. 

Cleaving

The cleaver first scores the fiber and then pulls the  fiber apart to make a clean break. It is important that  the the ends are smooth and perpendicular to get a  good joint, this is why a hand held cleaver will not do.  Cleavers vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and  you should read the instructions for the one you are  using. Basically the operation consists of putting the  fiber into the groove and clamping, then close the lid  and press the lever. Easy eh! Good cleaving tools can cost between $800 to $3000

The Fusion Process

Once the fiber ends are prepared they are placed in  the fusion splicer. Press the button and the machine  takes care of the rest of the fusion process  automatically. First the two fibers are aligned, you can see this on  the photo where a much magnified image shows the  two fiber ends. The display also shows how well the  cleaver does its job of producing a perfect 90 degree  cut. If you watch very carefully in the video you can see  the X and Y alignment that takes place. The splicer  aligns the fibers on one axis and then from another  camera angle set at at 90 degrees, it aligns the other  axis. This high precision alignment is critical for a low  loss joint, any mismatch of the fiber cores will  significantly reduce the propagation of light through  the joint. Bearing in mind that we are dealing with two very  small glass rods of only 125 microns in diameter, it  brings it home as to how extremely accurate these  machines are. Once the fibers are aligned the splicer fires an  electric arc between the two ends which melts them  immediately and pushes them together, or fuses  them into one piece of fiber. The fusion splicer then tests for dB loss and tensile  strength before giving the "OK" beeps for you to  remove the splice from the machine.

Protection

The splicer in the video has a built in heat shrink  oven, so when the fiber is taken out of the machine  the protective tube is slid into place and the whole  assembly is put into the oven to shrink the tube on to  the splice. The protective tube gives physical protection to the  splice and further protection is provided by placing  the splice into a splice tray. Once all of the fibers have been joined the whole  tray is then fixed into a splice box which protects the  cable joint as a whole and the cable clamps are then  tightened to prevent any external forces from pulling  on the splices. Fusion splicers are expensive and can cost between  about $5,000 to over $30,000, so you need to be  doing a lot of splicing to justify the initial outlay but,  for a low loss and relatively fast connection it is the  only tool for the job.  

Fusion Splicing a Fiber Optic Cable